Sue's Garden

Sue Hensel is about as cool a neighbor as a person could ask for. I first met Sue when we worked together on a neighborhood committee. One of the goals of our group of neighbors was to foster a greater sense of safety in our neighborhood. I remember one meeting in particular when Sue invited all the neighbors over to her art gallery to have a neighborhood art night. Sue opened the doors to her gallery and her heart as she welcomed all us neighbors into her creative space. I remember thinking how lucky the neighborhood is to have someone so dynamic and giving. Sue and I easily became friends, so when she asked me to come up with some ideas for her landscape I was more than happy to help. Together we thought up a plan and soon Giving Tree Gardens was hard at work turning Sue’s yard, which at the time she deemed “the dead zone”, into a functional, beautiful space. As Sue and I worked together to drastically transform her landscape, I realized that a transformation was also occurring within me. Working close with such an accomplished and openhearted artist as Sue gave me the opportunity to discover and express the artist within myself. 

R: We really changed what’s going on out in your yard, why was it that you were originally thinking you wanted to get some work done out there, and what goals did you have for the landscape?

S:  That side yard was a dead zone, as you know.  It was unusable, it was ugly, and basically it was just really bad.  There was hardly anything growing out there, the highlight was the lilacs, they would grow out there, but nothing else would.  Dust would blow in the door.  It was just yucky.  Previously I’ve always lived with rather nice gardens around me.  I’m not much of a gardener myself, I don’t dig a lot in the dirt any more, but most of my live I’ve lived with a park like environment.  Living close to gardens like this has always has allowed me to breathe deeply and with a certain sense of peace.  I need to have a green environment around me, I need to smell healthy dirt, it’s the dirt really even more than the flowers, it’s that spring loam smell.  I need that

53010027
53010027

R: In considering the space for your use professionally what kind of a space were you looking to have created out there?

S:  In terms of this being not only my home, but also being a gallery I wanted an environment where people could meet, and where art could happen.  We did have one performance out there in the dead zone, believe it or not we managed it, but since I put in the gardens I’ve had two art installations and a performance and we only had the gardens in for two months before winter.  I’ve already had potlucks out there, and I’ve had meetings out there.  I’m already lining up meetings and installations for this summer.  The first installation’s going to be in May.  I knew I wanted a lot of hardscaping, and even though it was an expensive part of the project I don’t regret at all putting down the natural stone because I really needed hardscape and I wasn’t about to pour concrete.  I have a soul relationship with stone, maybe you didn’t know that about me, I grew up in upstate New York where you can see the sedimentary process in action because the gorges are so deep and it’s all limestone and shale.  Seeing the process of time and the layers is very meaningful to me and it gets me excited, still does, I’ll walk down the gorge with my nieces saying “Look at that! Look at that!” and they’ll say “What? Aunt Sue, what?” and I’ll say, “That’s thousands of years ago, do you understand that you’re seeing time?”  That means a lot to me.  We put some time down in that patio and in those retaining walls and when I’m surrounded by them I’m sitting in a little microcosm of time.  That stone was compressed thousands of years ago.  It’s like I’m sitting in a little time zone, a time before the busses and motorcycles going by, even though I’m just in a few feet from the street I feel like the street is in a whole other place when I’m out there.  Professionally I needed hardscape for people to stand around on but I also needed sturdy perennials that would fill in.  I needed places where the dog could walk in, and that people could walk in if necessary, places where we could set up chairs if we needed to.   For me it had to be sturdy Minnesota happy shade plants and as much native as we could do because it just makes sense.  Perennials make sense because I don’t like to have a lot of maintenance, and I certainly don’t wanna have any chemical maintenance.  I want to step pretty lightly on the earth if I can.  That’s important because this is a community gallery and on some levels this is a community center.  So it has to be a welcoming space. 

R: “You mentioned a sense of peace that gardens can instill in you.  Do your new gardens here feel peaceful?”

S: “ Oh gosh, it’s an astounding space. We’ve probably had a good hundred people go through there now, and every person who’s walked out there just relaxes and their shoulders go down, many folks remark on the peace they feel.  “It’s so nice out here”, they might say.  Voices come down, people start talking more slowly and gently.  It’s a magical space now.  That’s what happens when you bring nature back where it’s supposed to be, and of course we also brought the good Karma of our working relationship. I have been very well served by my strategy of choosing artists and allowing them to do what they’re supposed to do. That’s exactly what I did with you.  I knew that you were an artist with plants and I knew you were a smart guy, and I knew what landscaping cost, I’d done it before. So even though I had to gulp a bit at the price, I knew it was what I wanted to do.   I’d seen your work at the Seward Co-Op and I knew you through various neighborhood committee meetings.  I just said okay, this guy’s got some stuff going on.  So I put you in the back of my brain thinking, ‘when I’m ready for landscaping this is what I’m doing’.”

R:  “When you called to talk landscape with me I thought ‘Yey, I might get to work with Sue!!’ Then I remember coming in to your studio to help make banners for a neighborhood event and I just thought, ‘Wow, this lady is so cool!’

S: “That night is when I made my decision.  I had so much fun getting to know you that night, and that’s when I began to understand that you worked as an artist..  You weren’t doing landscaping because you didn’t know what else to do, you were doing landscaping because you truly loved it.  I didn’t even think that I’d be able to do the landscape last year, but I came back from out of state and I stepped into the yard, and I said “I can’t stand it one more minute”.”

R:  “I get called a lot of things from landscaper to dirt gardener, but it’s new for me to be called an artist.”

S:  “Well think about when you’re gathering the plants, you’re doing it pretty instinctively.  With you the creativity happens on site.  When you’re placing the plants in the yard you’re not worried or confused about where the plants should go, no you’re pretty instinctive out there.  Those plants are like an extension of your body.  Since you know those plants so well, in a way you’re able to take the ego out of it and just create. That’s art!  When you’re really in that creative zone it’s almost like you’re channeling.  It’s as though the ego leaves and you’re just dealing with whatever your materials are.  Just recently I was out at an artist residency and I wound up doing drawings that were twelve feet wide!  Me five foot Sue making huge 6 feet tall by twelve feet wide drawings!  I’d get to the end of the day and it was kind of like I’d come back into myself, and I’d say “Damn I did that!?!”

R:  I had some of that same feeling in your garden

Sue's-Yardafter
Sue's-Yardafter

S:  That’s when you’re in that zone, which only comes when you are so familiar with your media that you’re able to work absolutely directly with them, they don’t get in the way.  My compressed charcoal and pastel didn’t get in the way at all, they were just a vehicle for what was coming through me.  Your knowledge of all those plants is so deep and the connection is so strong that you don’t have to think ‘Oh, that’s a clover it should go there.’ No instead it’s that the clover was in your hand and it went there.

R: I love the way you put that.  So all that earth we moved in your yard, and all the tools and labor and the process…..

S: That’s preparing the canvas in a way!

R: And the artist as well I suppose, because in addition to getting the space ready to have the garden, that preparation got me ready to plant it.

S:  Absolutely!  During all that time it took you to prepare that space, in your subconscious all this work is going on as your body got used to being in the space and the shape that the space took, and the way that the light worked when you were out there and the way that the heat worked.  You were there morning to night so that even if your weren’t being conscious of it you saw the sun move through the yard, you saw the deep shade, you knew where it was going to be real hot and where it was going to be just sunny enough.  You didn’t take notes, your body just knew because you were with the space.  We knew that you didn’t have to do the excavation by hand, you could have taken the fence out and brought in some kind of tractor to dig up the space.  As I look back on it though, I think “Ya know that time was really well spent”.  That time allowed the yard to become part of you so that you could operate that way.  If you had brought in a tractor and done the digging with that I’d still have a nice yard, there’s no doubt about it, but it probably wouldn’t have had that magic, that feeling.  It is magical out there and I’m not the only person saying that about it.  Part of what we’re talking about here is just mindfulness.  Even the name of your business, Giving Tree, you may not have thought about it when you were doing it, but that’s a very mindful name, it’s part of who you are.  You’re giving back to the earth.  You’re also giving to your clients, your sweat, your strong back and your expertise, but something else happened out there.  My yard is your yard, I mean that.  I mean not only does it benefit me to have folks coming and going from the gallery, but also, let’s spread the peace!  If I am open, hospitable, and accommodating, those ideas get planted and maybe somebody else will be too.  It’s all part of that whole grass roots thing, create the peace that you want to see.  That’s the kind of peace that I want to see.  I want to see neighborhood and community strength.  I want to see people feel safe to invite one another into their yards and homes, or to say hello over the fence to somebody new, somebody that they might just know the rest of their life.

Margaret's Garden

Acomplished gardener Margaret Wilke graciously invited Russ Henry, owner of Giving Tree Gardens, into her home for tea, cookies, and a plate full of garden talk early this January. Here are some excerpts from that garden chat.

Russ-

“ I remember when we began working together you were a bit nervous about certain aspects of this project, what was it that made you nervous and how have things turned out?”

Margaret-

“Well it was quite a big space and I wondered if it might be too much work. Could I make it look nice? It was just a bigger project than I had ever tackled before. I still have aesthetic concerns about how to balance things out, but I feel more comfortable now that I won’t make too many big mistakes.

If I do, . . . Oh, well.”

R-Well, we’ve still got shovels!!

M

-“Yes, that’s right! The front yard was a bit of a surprise to me. I didn’t realize how different gardening in the front yard is from gardening in the back yard! In the back yard you’re kind of doing your own thing. You don’t worry if your hair’s looking crazy. In the front yard it’s a whole different deal! The whole world is out there having a good time watching you! I remember one guy in a pick-up truck who rolled down his window and said, “Hey I like your garden, but I don’t like where that plant is over there.”

R

-“Drive by criticism? Well that’s one way to meet a neighbor.... Did gardening in the front yard help you connect with other gardeners in the neighborhood, aside from the drive by type?"

M-

“There are two other front yard gardens just half a block down. One fellow has quite a few native plants in his front garden. This was my first year out there in the front. I think next year we’ll probably end up sharing plants. That would be fun!"

R-

"Can you gage what kind of effect your new garden has had on the neighborhood as a whole?"

M-

“Oh my goodness! It’s fun! … People really raved about it! The neighborhood is very enthusiastic about it, which is just great…. I had a whole contingent of people from the annual neighborhood picnic that wanted a tour and they came over right then!"

R- "We used a whole lot of compost in this garden, and at first you wondered if we needed as much as we were using, how did that turn out?"

M-

“Well, as I’ve told you before, the compost saved the day, especially since we had such a hot dry summer. We ended up using 11 yards of compost in the front yard! We are on what’s called the Anoka Sandplain here. We have about two inches of topsoil, and then sand, sand, sand as far as you down as you can dig. Water, of course, just runs right through it. When it did finally rain, the compost just soaked it up like a sponge, which was great! Then it held the moisture so that even though it might seem dry on the surface, if I got down into it, [the soil] would still be moist underneath. I did break down and water occasionally during the hot dry spells, but not nearly as much as I would have to if we had just put a little bit of compost on the surface of all that sand. I also used quite a bit of my own compost when I planted things.

My family considers me a little bit over the top about my compost. When you make your own compost it has eggshells, coffee grounds, broccoli stems, plus all the spent flower stems and other green material from the garden in it. There’s more variety of nutrients in it than in the bulk-produced compost that’s mostly leaves and manure. When I plant something, particularly perennials, I always put some of my own compost in with it. I never have enough! It’s amazing how fast it goes. My family knows that if anybody’s caught dropping a banana peel in the trashcan instead of into the compost bucket, they’re in REAL trouble!! My husband will attest to that.”

R-

“Any big plans for next season? What’s going to happen out there?”

M-

“I want to make the new garden bigger. I still think there’s too much grass! I would like to figure out how to create more of a framework of evergreen material around which I plant annuals and perennials. The challenge with such a big public prominent garden is how to get it to look like something in the winter. It needs more structure, more architectural pieces. Figuring that out will be my next challenge.”

R-

“What words of garden wisdom could you share with a less experienced gardener such as myself?”

M-

“Don’t be afraid of making mistakes. They are just part of learning. Even with experience there are always surprises. Sometimes a plant that has done well for years will “croak” for no explainable reason. The one right next to it might be fine. Then a plant you thought was a “goner” suddenly flourishes. It’s just that there are so many variables. Light, moisture, bugs, timing of the heat or cold. There are a lot more things going on than we know about. The mystery of it is wonderful, if you just accept that there’s going to be a lot that is unexplainable. It’s not fully predictable. If you want fully predictable, then . . .”

R-

“Rock mulch?”

M-

“Yeah, that or the standard fare. But that’s not for me . . .

I need surprises.”

Variety is the Spice of Life

We’ve all had one of

those

jobs. One of those same-thing-every-day-carpal-tunnel-for- the-soul kind of jobs. You've probably endured through weeks and months that left your brain throbbing like George Jetson’s finger after a hard day of button pushing. In fact any monotonous, dull, or unvaried interaction we have with the world around us leaves us feeling drained. How would your body feel if it had to eat the same food every day? What if you had to hear the same song every time you wanted to listen to music? Life would quickly begin to get a bit humdrum if all your choices could be counted on one finger. That draining sensation that accompanies a lack of variety in our lives is ultimately unhealthy because our bodies, minds, and spirits are biologically required to draw inspiration from a multitude of the earth’s gifts. Man can not live on bread alone, Right? ...In this way the life that is created on earth is born interdependent with a wide variety of the creatures already here. Yep, you know what I’m talking about here, the whole “web of life” idea. It’s not just a cute Disney movie theme. Actually it’s the way life works on this planet to create a healthy vibrant ecosystem, an ecosystem that is capable of covering this planet with teeming life from the driest desert to the depths of the ocean.

So if all the space from the hot Sahara to the bottom of the Pacific is practically frolicking with a smorgasbord of life, why shouldn’t we enjoy that same luxurious richness in our own space at home?

Variation On A Theme

Monarch_On_Sage_
Monarch_On_Sage_

When you look out the window onto the yard how much variety do you see?  Is your yard practically a mini-wild life park?  Do you see an array of beautiful plants supporting the birds, bugs, and animals that want to call your yard home?  Well why not?  Luckily, there are a few easy ways to add a little delightful diversity to your outdoor display.

Get Down With Your Dirt

Red_Wiggler_Worms_In_Compost_
Red_Wiggler_Worms_In_Compost_

Compost my friends is not just a good idea, it’s the law (of nature).  Compost is the natural process by which the earth turns garbage into gold.  Nothing is wasted in a perfect system, and nature knows this best.  When the leaves fall from the trees the forest doesn’t wish for rakers and baggers to come clean it up.  The forest frolics in this mess as insects, and bacteria turn yesterday’s crop into tomorrow’s meal.  As above, so it is below.  If the ground beneath us is full of life, then the earth above will be as well.  Start your own compost pile and let the magic begin!

Get Off The Grass

Butterfly_Garden
Butterfly_Garden

Sorry, but the green grass lawn is a thing of the past!  What could be more boring then only using one type of plant to cover a large swath of land.  Can anyone say mono-cropping?  Farmers around the world are learning quickly that growing any one type of plant repeatedly to the exclusion of other plants is a big drain on soil health.  Why repeat this horrible experiment at home.  Sod has short roots, which make it an ineffective ground cover as most of the water that falls on it is drained away too fast to penetrate into the ground.  Replace sod with hardy perennials, and while you’re at it add a little color to the landscape pallet.  Look for perennials that bloom at different times of year.  Fall color, edible value, and visual texture are three more distinctive features to search for while plant hunting.  Get a head start on spring blooms by planting bulbs in the fall.  Nothing sings spring like a tiny crocus or scilla flower pushing through the cold earth.

Bring Us a Shrubbery

PageLines- Baby_Robin_In_Nest.jpg
PageLines- Baby_Robin_In_Nest.jpg

This is not only the demand of the most intimidating Knights Who Say Nee, but this is also the humble request of our avian allies.  Birds love to find a yard with a variety of trees and shrubs.  Many woody plants will produce an abundance of small fruits or nuts that will provide sustenance for winged visitors.  Nothing can start a birdy party like a crabapple who’s apple stems are strong enough to keep it’s fruit on the tree through much of the winter.  The freeze / thaw cycles that occur break the sugars in the crabapples down into alcohol by spring time when the birds visit and drink their little hearts content with as much free cider ale as their beaks can sip!  Yes, I’m advocating for letting the birds get drunk, live and let fly!  Choose trees and shrubs in a range of heights so the birds have several layers of canopy to hide in.  Native trees such as the butternut, and white pine can create an attractive top layer of canopy in your yard.  This top layer when under planted with shrubs such as grey dogwood, fragrant sumac, or bush honeysuckle will form an unbroken habitat from the ground to the sky.

Reduce Your Ecological Footprint

Fear not brave gardeners, I’m not suggesting that you go out and get a smaller pair of garden clogs to squeeze into. Instead I’d ask folks everywhere to examine the impact of our lawns, landscapes, and lifestyles on the local ecosystem. Think of your yard as a type of footprint that falls on the earth. Now ask yourself if that footfall is delicate and well placed, or are you just plodding along squishing whatever’s in your path? I know I’m preaching to the eco-friendly choir here, but I figure even a free range organic choir could use some good hymns when they go rambling into the world singing their big green ideas. The big idea here is that perhaps with a little honest examination we can find ways at home to reduce the size of our own footprint on the environment.

Whenever I encounter a mass of folks blindly harming themselves with their own philosophies, customs, or beliefs I sit and wonder who might be profiting from these seemingly self-inflicted wounds, but then that’s just silly, who could possibly profit from millions of people pouring unneeded dangerous chemicals on their lawns every year??? Certainly not we organic gardeners, I can’t make a dime trying to sell my happy healthy clients on new-fangled, out-there, fringe ideas like better life through chemistry!

How do you rate???

In order to find out how big of an impact your yard’s footprint is creating in the local ecosystem answer the questions below.  When you are done answering the questions add up your points to see how eco friendly your landscape really is!

RainBarrel
RainBarrel

Rainwater

  1. Does your property contain and filter all the rainwater that falls on its’ surface through the use of rain gardens, French drains, or wells?
  1. A veritable mote of rain gardens surrounds our house, not a drop goes down the sewer.

(0 points)

  1. We have a rain garden that captures more than half of the rain that falls, but we’re still watching water pour down the drain. (5 points)
  2. Our landscape is a giant slip and slide for all the little raindrops; we make regular contributions to the local rivers and waterways. (10 points)
Monarch_Butterfly_On_Liatris_Minnesota
Monarch_Butterfly_On_Liatris_Minnesota

Wildlife

  1. Does your property have native plantings to attract wild life?
  1. We can’t see the house for the butterflies and birds in the way!  No turf, just native plants.

(0 points)

  1. We have some native plants incorporated into the landscape and a bit of lawn. Birds and butterflies visit more often than in-laws, but less then the mailman.

(5 points)

  1. We like it when birds land in the yard, if we can get a clear shot at them.  All turf lawn and no native plants. (10 points)
  2. Property is theft, I live the wonderers life and the birds watch me. (Your eco-footprint wears moccasins not shoes.) (You win)
DSC_0388
DSC_0388

Home Grown Food

  1. Do you grow your own food?
  1. The yard is my oyster I shall not shop.  We grow enough for the neighbors too!  (-5 points)
  2. We grow some awesome tomatoes!  But we’re shopping for groceries more often then organizing harvests.  (5 points)
  3. What, you can grow food at home?  I thought it grew in factories?  (10 points)
Red_Wiggler_Worms_In_Compost_
Red_Wiggler_Worms_In_Compost_

Compost

  1. Do you compost your yard and kitchen waste?
  1. Waste?  We don’t have no stinking waste!  It’s all just compost waiting to happen. (0 points)
  2. The black plastic bin special is sitting in the back yard with something kind of scary growing in it.   (5 points)

C.  Oh man I wouldn’t put scraps in the yard, that’s gross!

(Dumps are gross, compost is golden, 15 points)

Chemical Dependency

  1. Do you use chemical fertilizers or pesticides on your lawn?
    1.  I don’t even walk down the chemical isle at the hardware store, no way.  (-5 points)
    2.  I’ve used some chemicals, but I’m looking for a way out before I’m in too deep.

(5 points, don’t worry, there’s help out there)

C.    I don’t have a problem with lawn chemicals, unless I run out!

(Sounds like denial to me, 20 points)

  HOW BIG IS YOUR LANDSCAPE’S ECOLOGICAL FOOTPRINT ????

Add up your points to see what size shoes we need to fit on the ecological impact of your yard.  The higher the numbers go, the bigger the footprint.  Now what size shoes does your eco-impact wear?

0-10 points:   Your yard has bare feet and walks softly.  Teach your neighbors, their children will thank            you.

10-30 points:  Your yard wears small smart shoes and walks quickly but carefully.

30-45 points:  Please try to keep your landscape on the path to health.  I’m afraid it’s jumping around leaving footprints all over the ecosystem!

45-65 points:  WATCH OUT!  Your lawn is trying to kill us all!  DO SOMETHING!

Put Your Garden To Bed

A heavy frost has laid itself down on your garden bed. The leaves have wilted and turned color. Now before you go off to cover you gardens with a warm blanket of hay, you may find yourself wondering exactly what to cut back and what to leave standing in the garden.

The Minnesota wintertime landscape can be a bit stark. Usually by December most of what we see is covered in snow. At this point of the year, since your landscape is essentially a field of white it can be aesthetically important to have some texture in the garden to break up the white monotony. Choose what to cut back in your garden based first on whether the plant in question will stand tall enough to catch snow and look pretty in the winter. Any herbaceous* perennial that stands shorter than about 12 inches is probably not going to be seen over the accumulated winter snow. Many of these shorter plants end up a soggy brown mush in the spring, and so it will just be easier to cut them back in the fall. Hostas are in this category. It can be challenging to make a garden bed look tidy in the spring with squishy rotted hosta leaves all over it. I like to leave standing, coneflower, persicaria, astilbe, mullien, milkweeds, and most grasses. Any tall plant that will catch some snow and cause a little texture to pop out of the white winter garden should be left to stand proud.

Be careful!

There are a couple of common mistakes to avoid while performing cutbacks. First, there are a few plants that are deceptively evergreen. The first fall that I worked in gardens, I got myself into a bit of trouble with “the boss” for cutting yucca back. Yucca, hens and chicks, pachysandra, and some low sedum are all types of evergreens that at a glance appear as though they may be herbaceous. Some plants, such as St. Johns wort and Russian sage can be thought of as being categorized somewhere between an herbaceous plant and a shrub. These plants have partially woody stems. Plants like these will not fully die back to the ground, and if left standing they will sprout greenery in the spring from the dormant soft wood of their stems. Perhaps worse than cutting back an evergreen plant, would be cutting into the green thumb of a gardener. God know's I've gawked at many a galling gory gash gouged in good gardeners gloves after gripping greenery for cutting without regard or guidance. That is to say, please don’t cut your fingers off, at least not in the garden.

When a hard frost comes along you must snip it. When there’s dead leaves in your palm you must snip it. Unless of course it looks good through the winter, then wait till spring and snip it into shape! Let the evergreens alone, and for goodness sake, snip the gardens, not the gardener! It’s not to late to snip it. Snip it good**.

*Herbaceous: A plant that does not have a woody stem, and dies back to the ground every year.

**Snip it good: An explanation for all those who are too young, too old, or for those like me whose parents didn’t let you listen to rock music in 1980. This is a play on the 80’s new wave song called Whip it. Thank you Devo!

To Mulch or Not To Mulch

Mystery Mulch Unmasked!

Mulch is any material you use to cover a garden bed in order to preserve moisture, moderate the soil temperature, and suppress weed growth. All types of mulch are grouped into two basic categories, organic and inorganic. Types of organic mulch include compost, hay, leaves, wood chips, bark, peanut hulls, pine needles, animal manure, ground corncobs, and even recycled materials such as recycled wood or paper. Perhaps the most commonly used form of inorganic mulch is crushed stone. Plastic or fabric sheeting is often also used, sometimes in conjunction with other organic mulch such as wood chips. Both organic and inorganic mulches sold in retail stores are commonly little more than reclaimed industrial waste, as is the case with wood chips, which land developers must pay to get rid of before retailers bag it and sell it to us. Some of the newer post industrial waste products available for adventurous gardeners include shredded tires, aluminum foil, and my personal least favorite sewer sludge. For our gardening purposes here we will make one more distinction amongst mulches as we separate them into the categories of summer and winter mulch. Summer mulches are most of the above listed items such as wood and animal manure, while winter mulches are those temporary mulches such as leaves or hay, which we use to insulate our northern gardens from the drying winter wind and sun. Now that we know what we’re dealing with here let’s have a closer look at some of the more commonly used mulches.

COMPOST

Red_Wiggler_Worms_In_Compost_
Red_Wiggler_Worms_In_Compost_

Okay so I’m starting with my obvious favorite.  As anyone who has read any of my previous Seed articles can tell you compost is a garden necessity.   Well-balanced compost will have microbes, which form large underground fungi that feed and protect garden plants.  At the same time compost offers the perfect fluffy soil texture that roots need to easily grow.   When applied to the garden in the spring time the rich color of compost will catch the warmth of the sun and awaken the plants so that the garden is quickly covered in green before the summer heat gets a chance to bake the moisture out of the soil.   Compost can be made at home or purchased through retailers. My favorite compost for large garden projects is a product called Farmpost which is a mixture of animal manure, hay, leaves, and a little bit of wood chips.

WOOD CHIPS

Wood chips, shredded wood, and chunks of bark are all different types of wood mulch that are available through any local gas station, hardware store, or big box retailer.  These products are sold in a veritable smorgasbord of colors, with a few companies out there willing to dye your mulch to match your trim and shutters.  But unfortunately for so many of us who’ve bought into the idea of smothering the ground in shredded tree, wood mulch can be quite problematic.  For starters many types of wood mulch have a high carbon to nitrogen ratio, so that while they sit on your garden bed and naturally decay they rob the soil of nitrogen that the plants rely on for growth.  Decaying wood will carry with it a host of organisms with undesirable traits or O.U.T.’s, as I like to call them.  Some of these O.U.T.’s include; slime molds and other detrimental fungi which are poisonous to plants and can be rather nasty looking, termites (who invited them to the party?), and rodents who find traveling just beneath the wood mulch a convenient way to get to that yummy tender bark around your new trees and shrubs.  With any finely shredded wood mulch too little oxygen and water enter the ground, and with more coarsely ground mulch too much water can be retained.  From my point of view wood mulch is best kept out of the garden, and onto the path where it makes a nice soft walking surface in which weeds don’t like to grow.

CRUSHED STONE

Next time you’re at the gas station, have a look at whatever landscaping is there and I’ll bet you will be looking at crushed stone.  Stone mulch is commonly used in applications where the landowner desires a very “low maintenance” landscape.   Unfortunately however it would seem that by replacing the sales tag “low maintenance” with “replant your trees and shrubs every three years” the folks who sell rock mulch would be giving us a little more accurate perception.  For this example we only need look to the woods or the prairie or the jungle.  In none of these lush, verdant environs is found a ground covered in stone.  Yes forests did grow upon the Rocky Mountains, but those took a while to establish, perhaps a few thousand more years than you’ll have to invest in your landscape.  In fact when we look around to find a natural environment covered in crushed stone it would seem the barren desert is as close as we come to that.  Crushed rock will bake the water out of your soil, overheat the plant roots, and over time compact soil.  But then, nobody really expected that gas stations would be a good source of landscaping inspiration did they?

PLASTIC AND CLOTH SHEETING

Skip it.  It’s that simple.  Both of the fabrics stifle airflow in the soil.  Both of these products run water away from the soil.  Both of these products block new nutrients from entering the soil.  Just skip it.  If you didn’t already skip it, then pull it up and skip it next time.

GROUND TIRES, ALUMINUM FOIL, SEWER SLUDGE

When people start covering their gardens, lawns, and play areas with dangerous chemically laden post consumer industrial waste, and paying for it as though it were a privilege I feel there must be some smirking marketing executive somewhere who really needs to have their creative license revoked.

As it turns out the road to answering the question “To mulch or not to mulch?” can be really quite tumultuous.  One must avoid clever marketing executives and other types of slime molds.  You may have thought your garden was covered only to find your nitrogen was being stolen for years.  After reading this you may even feel as if your gardens are lost in the desert, and that a good mulch is nothing but a mirage, but rest assured your oasis awaits if only you’ll think globally and compost locally.

Beat the Heat

Hot enough for you? This is the perennial question that millions of Minnesotans seed their greetings with every year late in the month of July. Just like clockwork hardy northerners get to experience a touch of the tropics from the middle of July through the middle of August when the temperatures and humidity levels soar into the 90’s. It is at this sweltering time of year when many of the fruits of our gardening labors begin to pay off, and the legacy of our gardening mistakes are made clear. Fresh tomatoes, summer squash, and visiting Monarch butterflies are among the riches being touted in some of my friends gardens while other friends of mine it would seem have nothing to talk about but the terrible heat and drought. Why are some of us enjoying the heat like a party in a sauna, while others treat this weather as though it were a plague? Do the gods just like some of us better? Or do we have any say in the outcome of this gardening riddle?In this months newsletter we’ll explore a few ways to “beat the heat”, and along the way we’ll see if we can turn one man’s plague into another man’s party.

Gardens That Withstand Drought

Water! Water! Water! This is the chant I can almost hear echoed off each patch of dry dieing lawn that I pass at this time of year.  Lawn grass is the most intensively irrigated crop in the United. States.  That’s right; our simple green lawns require more water to stay alive than any other crop grown here today, and why is that?  Simply put, grass leads a shallow life.  Turf grass will only grow roots 8 to 10 inches deep in ideal soil conditions, and usually we’re working with highly compacted soils in our newly constructed urban lots which allows for even less root depth.  Since turf grass will only grow roots a few inches deep the moisture that falls on the grass can only penetrate the soil this few inches.  The short lawn grass fails to provide any canopy for itself so when the sun shines down moisture trapped in the top of the soil is evaporated out quickly.  I’m bothering to mention all of this about the shortcomings of turf grass so that we can have a good example of what to avoid when planning a drought tolerant garden.            Logic would follow that if shallow roots, compacted soil, and poor plant choice lead to an over consumption of water, then deep roots, loose soil, and a wise plant selection should lead us back toward a garden that can withstand a drought.

As with many gardening riddles, the answer to ours is largely involving compost.  Whenever I find that the soil I’m working with is compacted so that roots and water can’t penetrate it easily I will spread out a layer of compost 4 to 6 inches deep.  Then I will turn the compost into the soil with a wide tined garden fork.  My garden fork allows me to break the soil up while leaving it in large enough chunks so that re-compaction doesn’t occur as it would if I were to break the soil up into smaller particles.  When the soil and compost are mixed in this manner water penetrates evenly and deeply thus allowing my plants roots to easily grow.  After the soil and compost are turned together I will again cover the entire garden with 2 to 3 inches of compost.  This top layer of  compost acts as a summer mulch that helps to retain moisture as it provides essential microbes and nutrients for the plants that it surrounds.  If you’re soil is very sandy you may want to attempt to add clay soil to your earth.  Clumps of clay soil spread throughout the garden will dissolve into your sandy soil over time and help with water retention.

Just as dazzling stage light will illuminate any particular performers strengths and weaknesses so does the sunlight brighten up our garden stage to highlight the talents and failings of the actors therein.  We want to make sure here that our “stage” is staffed with the appropriate “actors”, each one chosen to best perform in their distinct role.  As we learned with grass we don’t want to have the sunlight shining so close to the ground over large areas.  Creating different layers of canopy in your yard by planting trees, large and small shrubs and then perennials of various sizes will help ensure that the sunlight is not baking any one area of ground at the same time that it naturally invites wild birds and insects.  Native plants are often stars of the garden stage in the summer heat.  Plants that are originally from this region are as hardy as you can find, and will often be more adept at dealing with heat and lack of rain than their cultivar cousins.  Remember to plan for seasonal change when choosing your plants.  Your spring bleeding hearts and columbine will shine during act one, but come the hot sunny second act of the growing season they will need to be upstaged and rest in the shade of larger perennials.  As we already mentioned the less sunlight that is allowed to penetrate through to the ground, the more water your soil will retain.  This means that covering every part of the available earth with green will be advantageous for preserving water.  Just think of the forest or prairie everywhere that plants can possibly grow they do.  This natural model of plant co-operation is ours to borrow from freely.  Finally make sure to employ the help of a plant talent agency or two.  When choosing your plant pallet check with the staff of your local nursery to see what selections they can recommend for drought tolerance.  Any good nursery or garden store will have at least one staff member who can confidently answer this inquiry.  If you get a blank look from your helper at the garden store you can safely assume that they don’t know what they’re doing, and the “talent” at their “agency” is probably not in the best of spirits.

A first-rate garden performance requires a respectable earthen stage.  Work with your soil and compost in order to create a theatre worthy of an astounding performance.  Keep yourself and the rest of the audience entertained by inviting only the best performers onstage.  Timing is everything, so let each plant play its own seasonal role, and don’t be discouraged if good help is hard to find!  Above all, always remember whether in the garden or onstage, let nature be your compass and your direction will be true.